How Data Is Stored On A Hard Drive

When a file is saved on a computer, the data is stored on the hard disk platter's magnetic coating. This magnetic coating on the platters is the 'glue' that keeps your data. Any damage to that magnetic coating means that there is data loss as each piece of missing coating contains data. So a platter missing a little bit of that coating has a better chance of a successful data recovery as opposed to a platter that has had massive amounts of that magnetic coating removed or destroyed.

Hard Drive Failure Parts

Typical hard disk components that fail include:

How Data Is Stored On A Hard Drive

Platters Hard disk platters, or spindle, is rotated by an electric motor. The speed of this rotation is measured in rotations per minute (RPM) and the higher the performance of the hard drive...the higher the RPM is which increases the reading and writing of data to the platters. Any surface contact to the platters can cause serious damage to the magnetic strip the contains the data. This includes dust, finger prints, water, and most important of all, the heads of the hard drive. Platter damage is the most serious type of damage to cause hard drive failure.

Heads (Head Crash) When the hard disk is not actively in use, the heads are parked until the hard drive needs to read or write data again. It is when this head moves outside the super thin cushion of air between platters that causes the head to crash and touches the hard disk platter.

Firmware Firmware is the program instructions located on the chips on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB). Each firmware revision is specific to its hard drive type and each hard drive can go through dozens of firmware revisions to increase that particular manufacturer's disk drive's performance. The older the hard drive, the more difficult it could be to find a working firmware for that specific hard disk model.

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) The PCB of the hard drive is the electronics of the hard disk that manages and operates the hard drive. If a PCB becomes damaged it is often replaced with an identical PCB with the same firmware on the original hard drive. Typically PCB damage is from water or fire, but there are other reasons why a PCB would fail. And many times a failed PCB affect other aspects like firmware or heads.

Types of Hard Drive Failure

Generally speaking, when a disk drive fails it is due to one of the following causes:

Media Failure Otherwise known as a head crash (as described above), the heads of the hard drive have physically touched and damaged the magnetic coating on the platters.

Mechanical Failure Generally speaking, any electronic failure to the hard drive falls in this category. Fire, water, electrical damage to the hard disk would require 'parts' replacement.

PCB Failure As described above, PCB failure falls in the mechanical failure type and typically can be 'swapped out' for an identical PCB for that specific hard drive type. Along with the correct firmware for that disk drive, a PCB replacement can be a difficult type of hard drive repair if the hard drive is an older model.

Logical Drive Failure This type of hard drive failure is usually the least damaging to the data. This type of error usually means that the operating system of the computer (or utilities) can see the drive, has marked it as unallocated space, but because the computer's MFT is corrupted or damaged, can't read the data. Hard drive failure of this type is not that destructive and the chances of a complete successful data recovery are high.

Types of Non-Mechanical Hard Drive Failure

Other causes for data loss and why data recovery would be required could include the following:

Natural Disasters Extreme weather conditions that are out of our control can make a bad day even worse. Whether the computer was submerged in water due to a flood, scorched by fire or in the proximity of a lightning strike, there is still a chance to recover data from the hard drive.

The Human Factor Accidentally deleting files, formatting the wrong hard drive, and attempting to upgrade you operating system only to have it fail are common issues that come up. Also, as careful as most people are with their laptops, a small drop from the couch to the floor or down a flight of stairs, is the type of forceful jarring to the disk drive that could cause serious damage to the hard drive platters.

Viruses E-mail typically are the way most viruses are spread from computer to computer. Also, visiting questionable websites that have scripts, malware or spyware waiting to comprise your system and put your data at risk. It is recommended to run the most recent anti-virus software to protect your data from this sort of data loss and to reduce the need to require data recovery service.

So how do you protect yourself from losing your data? Back it up! However, should you still require data recovery services, be sure to use a company that specializes in hard drive data recovery.

How Data Is Stored On A Hard Drive
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Jason Perry

ADR Data Recovery is available to evaluate the damage and potentially recover your lost data. For more information on ADR Data Recovery's service, visit http://www.adrdatarecovery.com

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Is It Possible to Retrieve Deleted Text Messages From an iPhone?

Everyone loves to text, and these days it is easier than ever with smartphones that are touch screen, have auto correct (which, frankly, can be annoying at times), and even some third-party apps that allow you to text for free. As with anything, popularity and frequent use comes with a price - problems.

How many times have you deleted a text message that is full of information that you need back? Do you think that text message is gone forever? In some cases, that may hold true, but there is a good chance that you can get some or all of the information back.

Take an Apple iPhone, for example. Much like a computer, when information is deleted it is not truly erased. When you delete a text message from an iPhone, it is actually still there. However, it is now being held in the unallocated portion of the physical memory. The bad news is that anything that is in the unallocated portion of the memory is subject to being overwritten. Thus, consider the biggest factors that affect the retrieval of iPhone text messages are available free memory and usage.

Is It Possible to Retrieve Deleted Text Messages From an iPhone?

For example, if you have a 16GB iPhone and it has 15.8GB of music, photos, text messages, and apps on it, chances are unallocated memory is going to be overwritten quickly. Along the same lines, if the iPhone user is texting constantly (like my teenager who sends and receives in excess of five thousand text messages per month), the risk of the deleted text messages being overwritten increases. Another thing to keep in mind is that there is no rhyme or reason as to the way an iPhone writes data to the physical memory. It doesn't care if the data is old or new, it just writes it to whatever portion of the unallocated memory is easiest to write to at the time. Thus, when recovering deleted information, you may get back all of the message, but you may also get back only part of it.

Some say that your cell provider can give you access to all of your incoming and outgoing text messages. Although it is true that some cell carriers maintain the content of all incoming and outgoing text messages, I have found it to be the case that they will not just give them to you. Most need a court order as the only reason they retain this information is for law enforcement authorities investigation purposes.

Search the internet. There is a plethora of knowledge out there by doing a simple Google search. There are forums dedicated to the subject, and many "techies" roam these forums and post great information. Some call for your iPhone to be "jailbroken", which I don't recommend, but if your iPhone is jailbroken, you may just find the information you need.

If you don't want to do or feel comfortable doing the forensic work on your iPhone yourself, there is recovery software on the market. One of the most important things you can do before purchasing any type of recovery software is to know your iOS version. Make sure that the software you get is compatible with your iOS version, and it is also best to make sure that the software comes with free updates. This is because Apple releases iOS versions fairly regularly, and if your recovery software doesn't come with updates, it will soon be outdated. You never know when you will need to use it again!

Beware of SIM card recovery software when dealing with iPhone! AT&T iPhones uses the SIM card for GSM (cellular network) service only. They do not save text messages to the SIM card.

Accidents can happen to anyone. If you have inadvertently deleted text messages that you need and are looking for information on how to retrieve iPhone deleted text messages, there are plenty of options that may help you get them back.

Is It Possible to Retrieve Deleted Text Messages From an iPhone?
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Jeff Monson is a web enthusiast, proud husband and father of four, retired military member, and co-owner of JLM Merchandise Surveillance and Security Products. If you'd like to connect with Jeff, you become a Facebook Fan or follow him on Twitter using the links at the top of the JLM Merchandise web site.

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The Future of Healthcare - The Impact of Technology

The advances in the technology and pharmaceutical products have resulted in a lot of innovations in the healthcare industry. New medicines are being developed in order to treat, manage and prevent many diseases and aging conditions of baby boomer population. Based on molecular and genetic tests new medical treatments and discoveries are being made. The future of healthcare seems to be bright as advances are being made in the health care technology and more individualized and targeted tests are being made, which reveal how people respond to different drugs.

Future of healthcare will also be impacted by the recently started electronic medical records. With the advancement of technology, the electronic medical records are sure to be affected and improved, thereby making the process of maintaining the patient related data in a more enhanced and sophisticated way. Eventually all the paper based patient related data will be converted to electronic medical records, thereby eliminating the need to maintain paper based records. At present thirty eight percent of the physicians have made a switch to the electronic medical record system and this percentage is expected to rise in the near future.

Telemedicine is another interesting aspect that is bound to gain a lot of focus in the future of healthcare industry. Telemedicine is a process of connecting physicians and patients through modern day technology, such as the internet. Telemedicine allows the physicians to interact with the patients via internet in a real time situation, thereby eliminating the need of making an office visit. This not only saves a lot of time but also cuts down on the expenses. With the advancements in technology, telemedicine is sure to gain a lot of advantage. It is a growing trend that will maintain its progress even in the future.

The Future of Healthcare - The Impact of Technology

Robotic surgery is another important aspect of future of healthcare sector. In the recent years, more and more robots have been assisting the surgeons in the operation rooms and this is a trend that is bound to gain a lot of focus in the coming years. Be it a surgery related to a prostrate cancer or heart, robotic surgery is an efficient solution. Though highly expensive, the usage of a robot for a surgery results in a shorter recovery time, since the surgery procedure is less invasive. Another surgery that a robot can efficiently perform is the hysterectomy. The process of removing the uterus for a wide variety of reasons is known as hysterectomy and this is one of the surgeries that a robot can perform very efficiently. Since, most of the women do not like the scars, which surface after the surgery, robotic surgery is the solution for them. As the robots perform the surgery with very less invasion, there are very less scars and even the recovery time is very short.

The future of healthcare has a lot of potential in discovering alternative medicines, new treatments and prevention techniques, etc. The more common the technology becomes, the less expensive will it be.

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If you're ready to start your CNA Certification & Training, we have more great tools and resources on our website http://www.yourcnatrainingguide.com

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Understanding Transistor Data and Replacement

If, for some reason, you can't get an exact replacement for the transistor that you want to replace, you can refer to one of the transistor substitution guides or book, and try to identify a "near replacement". Beware, however. A substitution guide will sometimes list a replacement for your part, even though the two parts are not very similar. The most commonly used transistor substitution guides is the Philips ECG semiconductors Master Replacement Guide. Selecting the right transistor parameters or specifications for the equipment you repair will avoid callbacks from customers. Callbacks or repeated repairs due to wrong transistor substitution will cost you extra money and a waste of time.

Some important transistor parameters are:

Maximum collector-to-base voltage (VCBO) - The replacement part should have a VCBO rating equal to or higher than the original.

Understanding Transistor Data and Replacement

Maximum collector-to-emitter voltage (VCEO) - The replacement part should have a VCEO rating equal to or higher than the original.

Maximum emitter-to-base voltage (VEBO) - The replacement part should have a VEBO rating equal to or greater than the original.

Maximum collector current (IC) - The replacement part should be able to handle as much (or more) collector current as the original.

Power dissipation (PD Watts) - The replacement part should be able to dissipate as much (or more) power as the original part.

Gain (hFE) - The replacement should have a gain equal to or better than the original and it should be as close to the original specification as possible.

Gain-bandwidth (fT) - the replacement should have a transition frequency equal to or faster than the original and it should be as close to the original specification as possible.

Below is a table of application requirement and important specification that you can use for guidelines when comes to transistor substitution.

Application Requirement and Important Specifications

1. General purpose low level amplifier and switching transistors. Spec- hFE, IC (max), fT, VCEO

2. Power switching applications. Spec- VCEO, VCBO, hFE, IC (max), PD (max)

3. Low level IF/RF amplification. Spec- IC (max), fT, VCEO

4. Audio amplification. Spec- IC (max), PD (max), hFE, VCEO

5. High voltage transistors. Spec- VCEO, VCBO, IC (max), fT

Remember, the replacement transistor should not run hot and if problem still persist, try another replacement number or get the original number if possible. Do not overlook that the surrounding components also may caused the transistor to run hot even if original number is used.

Understanding Transistor Data and Replacement
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Jestine Yong is a electronic repairer and a writer, for more information how you can test electronic components like a professional please visit his website at http://www.TestingElectronicComponents.com

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The Best Computer For Graphic Design

Since Desktop Publishing (DTP) came out in the eighties, graphic designers have been utilizing computer technology. This has pushed all graphic designers to become competent with computer hardware at the very least.

What is Desktop Publishing (DTP)? In the 1980s, it was a common term applied to digital publishing systems. These systems were developed to replace large, pre-press, specialist design and compositing systems.

Graphic designers rely heavily on computers whether these are Windows PCs or Apple Macs. Whichever computer a graphic designer chooses to use, he/she will opt for the best computer that he/she can purchase. Graphic designers will rarely choose cheap computer hardware.

The Best Computer For Graphic Design

Back in the eighties, Macs were the only choice for designing and printing. Almost all design layout and graphics software was developed for Macs only or even if the software could be used in Microsoft Windows PC, it was much more reliable on a Mac. Additionally, at that time, Macs were associated with the different technologies used in the prepress and Windows PC was just not a practical choice. Today, modern versions of Mac OS X and Windows allow graphics designers to use design software either in a Mac or PC - they are no longer forced to choose one over the other.

Many graphic designers are not IT experts and making a decision on which computer to buy can be quite daunting. Of course, if money is not a problem, the decision would simply be to buy the most expensive Apple Mac or Windows PC. But most designers cannot afford to do that. In fact, some creative professionals have budgets for second hand equipment only. What really matters to these graphic designers are issues that regular computer users do not even have to think about. These are printer color accuracy, monitor calibration, hard disk speed and external storage devices for gigabytes of data.

Recent studies show that the top 5 computers for graphic design are a mix of Macs and PCs and both laptop and desktop computers fall in this category. But just like any product that a consumer buys, it really is the personal preference of the designer whether he/she will use a desktop computer or a laptop. The important thing is that the user/graphic designer has the appropriate software for the type of computer that he/she wants to purchase.

The Top 5 computers for graphic design are:

Mac Pro Desktop

The Mac line of computers is still widely preferred by most graphic designers. According to Apple, the latest Mac Pro features the all new quad-core Intel Xeon "Nehalen" processor which makes the job of a graphic designer much easier. Apple states further that the new Mac Pro is up to 1.9 times faster than its predecessor. Each processor has an integrated memory controller that allows the processors to have faster access to stored data in the computer's memory, with memory latency decreased by up to 40 percent. This feature will save a lot of time for designers when they do their work.

MacBook Pro Laptop

The MacBook Pro Laptop comes in 13, 15 and 17 inch sizes. It has high-performance NVDIA graphics and LED backlit display which makes editing graphics easier and clearer. This latest model has battery power that lasts up to 8 hours (on 17-inch version). It is powered by the Intel Core 2 Duo processor.

Dell Studio XPS Desktop

The Dell Studio XPS Desktop features the Intel Core i5 and i7 processors. If you plan on working with intensive video or 3D editing, you can have an upgrade to the 16GB Dual Channel DDR3 SDRAM. But its base 3GB memory will enable you to edit photos, create vector or raster designs with ease. Its high-definition ATI graphics card creates clear, precise and flawless graphics - just what a graphic designer needs.

Toshiba Qosmio Laptop

The Toshiba Qosimo is an affordable solution to your graphic design needs. It is powered by either the Intel Core i7 or i5 processor making it easier to create flawless graphics. It has a high-end NVIDIA GeForce graphics card, which ensures that you can clearly see every pixel and frame that you edit. It has a 6GB DDR3 1066MHz memory and a 1GB GDDR5 discrete graphics memory.

HP Pavilion Elite Desktop

The HP Pavilion Elite Desktop is an affordable computer. It is powered by either an AMD Athlon or an Intel Core processor that ranges from an X4 630 quad-core (Athlon) to an i7-980X six-core Extreme Edition (Intel). All HP Pavilion Elite Desktop computers come with genuine 64-bit Windows 7 for the latest technology. Memory ranges from 4GB up to 9GB which guarantees smooth and effortless run of the high-end graphics that you use.

The Best Computer For Graphic Design
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Grace writes to help people learn more about graphic design. She does work for different companies, including a company that does Tulsa website design.

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Crashed Hard Drive Recovery - How to Recover Files From a Crashed Hard Drive

What will you do if your hard drive crashes? Undeniably, the hard disk is one of the most important parts of your computer. This is where you save all your programs and files. However, at some point, you may encounter a hard drive failure. When your hard drive fails to work, all your files will be gone. But don't fret just yet. You can still find a way to recover crashed hard drive data. You will want to know how to do this so read on.

The cause of the failure of your hard disk is usually a virus that may have infected your computer. Some strong viruses can actually get through your system even with the presence of anti-virus software. Do not panic. There is still a way on how to recover files from a crashed hard drive.

Recovering files from a malfunctioning computer is a dilemma for many. Thankfully, software companies have found a way to create data recovery software to aid in retrieving all these lost files. Through such software, you can easily recover your most important files without difficulty.

Crashed Hard Drive Recovery - How to Recover Files From a Crashed Hard Drive

What's good about these programs is that they are very easy to use. These do not require technical skills to make them work. To have the best program to help you in retrieving your files, look for online reviews. These can really help you in getting the best software to retrieve crashed hard drive data. There are a lot of data recovery programs that can be bought in the market. You can also search online for programs that can easily be downloaded and programs that you can try for free.

All you have to do is install your chosen data recovery software in your computer and it will do its magic to bring back the files you need to save. This software can be your savior every time your hard drive turns on you and becomes not-so dependable.

Crashed Hard Drive Recovery - How to Recover Files From a Crashed Hard Drive
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REMO Recovery Software is a recovery applications which employ improved and efficient scanning algorithms and recover files in their original form, regardless of the data loss situation. Why not Download REMO Recover for a FAST way to recover recover files from a crashed hard disk?

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